References & Citations

Chapter 12: WA’s New Anti-Corruption Framework

1.      Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong), Homepage (n.d.) <https://www.icac.org.hk/en/>.

2.      Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (Singapore), Homepage (n.d.) <https://www.cpib.gov.sg/>.

3.      Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2024 (n.d.) <https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024>.

4.      World Bank, Global Program on Anticorruption for Development (n.d.) <https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/anticorruption-for-development>.

5.      Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Anti-Corruption and Integrity (n.d.) <https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/policy-issues/anti-corruption-and-integrity.html>.

6.      United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Corruption and Economic Crime Branch (n.d.) <https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/index.html>.

7.      Open Government Partnership, Homepage (n.d.) <https://www.opengovpartnership.org/>.

8.      Office of the Ombudsman (Rwanda), Homepage (n.d.) <https://www.ombudsman.gov.rw/>.

9.      Bribery Act 2010 (UK) <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/23/contents>.

10.   Directive (EU) 2019/1937 on the Protection of Persons Who Report Breaches of Union Law (Whistleblower Directive) (European Union) <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/1937/oj>.

11.   Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission (South Korea), Homepage (n.d.) <https://www.acrc.go.kr/en>.

12.   Department of Justice (United States), The False Claims Act (n.d.) <https://www.justice.gov/civil/false-claims-act>.

13.   e-Estonia, KSI Blockchain Model (n.d.) <https://e-estonia.com/solutions/cyber-security/ksi-blockchain/>.

14.   ‘Blockchain-Based Land Titling Project in the Republic of Georgia’ (MIT Press Article) <https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article-pdf/12/3-4/72/705280/inov_a_00276.pdf>.

15.   Hyperledger, Hyperledger Fabric (n.d.) <https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/>.

16.   World Economic Forum, The Digital Commons: How to Harness Blockchain for Better Governance (2025) <https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/02/digital-commons-blockchain-governance/>.

17.   National Institute of Standards and Technology (United States), Trustworthy and Responsible AI (n.d.) <https://www.nist.gov/trustworthy-and-responsible-ai>.

18.   Deloitte, ISO 42001 Standard for AI Governance and Risk Management (n.d.) <https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/services/consulting/articles/iso-42001-standard-ai-governance-risk-management.html>.

19.   Sunlight Foundation, Homepage (n.d.) <https://sunlightfoundation.com/>.

20.   World Economic Forum, ‘Exploring Blockchain Technology for Government Transparency: Blockchain-Based Public Procurement System’ (2020) <https://www.weforum.org/reports/exploring-blockchain-technology-for-government-transparency-blockchain-based-public-procurement-to-reduce-corruption>. Annotation: Colombia procurement focus.

21.   Government of India, ‘National Blockchain Framework’ (2025) Press Information Bureau <https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182023>. Annotation: covers RBI pilots and land registry in states like Andhra Pradesh/Telangana.

22.   National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), ‘White Paper on The Capstone Approach and Capstone GRS’ (2015) <https://www.archives.gov/files/records-mgmt/email-management/final-capstone-white-paper.pdf>.

23.   Government of Sweden, ‘Public Access to Information and Secrecy – The Legislation in Brief’ (2009) <https://www.government.se/contentassets/2ca7601373824c8395fc1f38516e6e03/public-access-to-information-and-secrecy.pdf>.

24.   Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), ‘Exploring Possible AI Trajectories Through 2030’ (2024) <https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/exploring-possible-ai-trajectories-through-2030_cb41117a-en.html>. Annotation: covers generative AI as a general-purpose technology with projections for pattern recognition and system improvements.

25.   Gong (et al), ‘Unpacking Public Perceptions of Effectiveness in Anti-Corruption Agencies: The Case of Hong Kong’ (2022) Public Integrity <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10999922.2022.2068902>. Annotation: discusses ICAC's campaigns to restore trust, with surveys showing 95-99% support.

26.   World Bank, ‘Rwanda's Anti-Corruption Experience: Actions, Accomplishments, and Lessons’ (2018) <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3b31c79a-0636-5536-805e-7ff7e27d5d96/content>. Annotation: mentions Ombudsman organising anti-corruption clubs in schools.