References & Citations
Chapter 10: WA: A Wellness-First Nation
1. World Health Organization, Saving Lives, Spending Less: The Case for Investing in Noncommunicable Diseases (2021) <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240041059>.
2. Masters, R, Anwar, E, Collins, B, Cookson, R and Capewell, S, ‘Return on Investment of Public Health Interventions: A Systematic Review’ (2017) <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28356325/>.
3. Turner, H C, Hori, Y, Revill, P, Rattanavipapong, W, Arai, K, Nonvignon, J, Jit, M and Teerawattananon, Y, ‘Analyses of the Return on Investment of Public Health Interventions: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for Future Studies’ (2023) <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10471881/>.
4. NIHR Evidence, ‘Public Health Interventions May Offer Society a Return on Investment of £14 for Each £1 Spent’ (2017) <https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/public-health-interventions-may-offer-society-a-return-on-investment-of-14-for-each-1-spent/>.
ACNEM
5. Australasian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (ACNEM), About ACNEM (2024) <https://www.acnem.org/about/our-story/>. Annotation: confirms founding in 1982 by medical practitioners focused on nutritional and environmental medicine.
Prevalence of complementary/integrative medicine use (Australia)
6. Xue, C C, Zhang, A L, Lin, V, Da Costa, C and Story, D F, ‘Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Australia: A National Population-Based Survey’ (2007) <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17718647/>.
7. Harnett, J E, McIntyre, E, Adams, J, Addison, T, Bannerman, H, Egelton, L, Ma, J, Zabakly, L and Steel, A, ‘Prevalence and Characteristics of Australians’ Complementary Medicine Product Use, and Concurrent Use with Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications: A Cross-Sectional Study’ (2023) <https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/2/327>.
8. Harnett, J E, McIntyre, E, Steel, A, Foley, H, Sibbritt, D, Wardle, J and Adams, J, ‘Use of Complementary Medicine Products: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey of 2019 Australian Adults’ (2019) <https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/7/e024198>.
WA Demand for Integrative Services
9. Sustainable Health Review, Final Report (WA, 2019) <https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/~/media/Files/Corporate/general-documents/Sustainable-Health-Review/Final-report/sustainable-health-review-final-report.pdf>. Annotation: system reform directions including prevention and person-centred models.
Blockchain & Transparency
10. e-Estonia, ‘e-Health Records’ <https://e-estonia.com/solutions/e-health-2/e-health-records/>.
11. e-Estonia, ‘e-Health Authority Partners with Guardtime to Accelerate Transparency for Patients’ (2016) <https://e-estonia.com/ehealth-authority-partners-with-guardtime-to-accelerate-transparency-and-auditability-in-health-care/>.
12. e-Estonia, KSI® Blockchain in Estonia: Frequently Asked Questions (2024) <https://e-estonia.com/wp-content/uploads/faq_ksi_blockchain.pdf>.
13. U.S. Food & Drug Administration, ‘Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) - Pilot Project Program’ <https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-supply-chain-security-act-dscsa/dscsa-pilot-project-program>.
14. U.S. Food & Drug Administration, ‘Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) Pilot Project Program’ (2023) <https://www.fda.gov/media/168307/download>.
15. IBM, KPMG, Merck and Walmart, DSCSA Blockchain Interoperability Pilot: Final Report. U.S. FDA DSCSA Pilot Program (2021) <https://www.fda.gov/media/147174/download>.
16. MediLedger Project, ‘2019 DSCSA Pilot Project: An Interoperable Blockchain Solution to the Track-and-Trace Requirement - Project Results and Final Report’ (2024) <https://www.fda.gov/media/168283/download>.
17. World Bank, ‘Open Contracting Reforms in Colombia: Case Study’ in Enhancing Government Effectiveness and Transparency: The Fight Against Corruption (World Bank, 2021) 84 <https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/235541600116631094/pdf/Enhancing-Government-Effectiveness-and-Transparency-The-Fight-Against-Corruption.pdf>.
18. Open Contracting Partnership, ‘Impact: Colombia’ <https://www.open-contracting.org/impact-stories/impact-colombia/>.
AI, Accountability & Program Integrity
19. NHS Employers & NHS Counter Fraud Authority, NHS Counter Fraud Strategy to Implementing and Using AI (2024) <https://www.nhsemployers.org/system/files/2024-08/20240723%20NHS%20counter%20fraud%20strategy%20to%20implementing%20and%20using%20AI%20%282%29.pdf>.
20. U.S. Government Accountability Office, ‘Medicare and Medicaid: Additional Actions Could Help Strengthen Program Integrity’ (2024) <https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-107487>.
21. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, ‘Fiscal Year 2024 Improper Payments - Fact Sheet’ (2024) <https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/fiscal-year-2024-improper-payments-fact-sheet>.
22. Australian National Audit Office, Managing Health Provider Compliance (2021) <https://www.anao.gov.au/work/performance-audit/managing-health-provider-compliance>.
23. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, G7 Toolkit for Using Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector (2024) <https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/g7-toolkit-for-artificial-intelligence-in-the-public-sector_421c1244-en.html>.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
24. World Health Organization, WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 21st List (2019) <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHOMVPEMPIAU2019.06>.
Health Insurance Fraud & Machine Learning
25. Hamid, Z, Khalique, F, Mahmood, S, Daud, A, Bukhari, A and Alshemaimri, B, ‘Healthcare Insurance Fraud Detection Using Data Mining’ (2024) <https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-024-02512-4>.
26. Aoufi, S, Sun, Y, Elazab, A and Wang, S, ‘Explainable Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Healthcare Insurance Data’ (2024) <https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-024-02823-6>.
Global Health Spending & Chronic Disease Burden
27. World Health Organization, Global Spending on Health: Weathering the Storm (2020) <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240017788>.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Fast Facts: Health and Economic Costs of Chronic Conditions’ (2025) <https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html>.
29. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators (2023) <https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2023/11/health-at-a-glance-2023_e04f8239.html>. Annotation: notes preventive care spending averages 2-5% in OECD countries, including Australia.
Chronic Disease Prevalence in Australia
30. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, ‘Chronic Conditions’ (2024) <https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/chronic-conditions>.
Global Mortality Statistics
31. World Health Organization, ‘Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)’ (2025) <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-%28cvds%29>.
32. World Health Organization, ‘Cancer’ (2025) <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer>.
Linguistic Diversity in Western Australia
33. Office of Multicultural Interests, WA’s Linguistic Diversity Census 2021 (2021) <https://www.omi.wa.gov.au/docs/librariesprovider2/2021-census/was-linguistic-diversity708970098a51485ea4fb0e120029c649.pdf>.
34. Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Snapshot of Western Australia, 2021’ (2022) <https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-wa-2021>. Annotation: reports 32.2% born overseas in 2021, consistent with "nearly one in three".
35. Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Census of Population and Housing: Cultural Diversity – Western Australia’ (2022) <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/latest-release>. Annotation: reports proportion born overseas.
Exporting Systems & Standards
36. World Bank, State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 (2019) <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31755>. Annotation: notes Australia's carbon pricing mechanisms influencing global environmental standards.
37. Chapman, B, ‘Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education: International Reforms’ in Eric Hanushek and Finis Welch (eds), Handbook of the Economics of Education (Vol 2, 2006) <https://brucejchapman.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Ch-25-ICL-for-HE-International-Reforms.pdf>.
38. Sahlberg, P, Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? (Teachers College Press, 2011) <https://www.pedocs.de/volltexte/2015/11098/pdf/CEPSJ_2011_3_Franko_Rezension_Sahlberg_Finnish_lessons_what_can.pdf>.
Eroded Trust In Government
39. Australian Election Study (ANU), ‘Australian Election Study 2022: Trust in Government and Institutions’ (2022) <https://australianelectionstudy.org/>. Annotation: data and trends.
40. Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, COVID-19 Response Inquiry Summary Report: Lessons for the Next Crisis (2024) <https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/covid-19-response-inquiry-summary-report-lessons-next-crisis>. Annotation: documents erosion of public trust in institutions due to inconsistencies in COVID-19 responses.
Diabetes Reversal Programs
41. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, ‘The 10-Year Cost-Effectiveness of Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin for Diabetes Prevention: An Intent-to-Treat Analysis of the DPP/DPPOS’ (2012) 35(4) Diabetes Care 723 <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22442395/>. Annotation: shows lifestyle reversal programs save ~$1,700-2,500 per patient annually vs. metformin/insulin.
42. Lean, M E J et al, ‘Primary Care-Led Weight Management for Remission of Type 2 Diabetes (DiRECT): An Open-Label, Cluster-Randomised Trial’ (2018) 391(10120) The Lancet 541 <https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)33102-1/fulltext>.
43. Xin, Y et al, ‘Economic Evaluation of the DiRECT/Counterweight-Plus Intervention for Remission of Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care’ (2020) Diabetic Medicine <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dme.14208>.
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
44. Estruch, R et al, ‘Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts’ (2018) 378(25) New England Journal of Medicine e34 <https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1800389>. Annotation: PREDIMED trial shows nutrition interventions reduce cardiovascular events by 30%, lowering hospital admissions; notes high costs of such events.
45. Estruch, R et al, ‘Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet (PREDIMED)’ (2013) 368 New England Journal of Medicine 1279 <https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303>.
46. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, ‘Cardiovascular Disease: Cost and Impact’ (2024) <https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/heart-stroke-vascular-diseases/cardiovascular-disease>.
47. Stroke Foundation, The Economic Impact of Stroke in Australia (Report, 2024) <https://strokefoundation.org.au/>.
Integrative Oncology
48. Kligler, B et al, ‘Cost Savings in Inpatient Oncology through an Integrative Medicine Approach’ (2011) 17(12) American Journal of Managed Care 779 <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22216749/>.